Highlights
- •Cardio-metabolic risk factors are associated with earlier menopause.
- •Women with prior CVD experience menopause earlier than those without such disease.
- •A history of CKD can be related to earlier menopause in women.
Abstract
Objective
This study was carried out to determine whether chronic diseases can influence age
at natural menopause (ANM).
Study design and main outcome measures
This population-based prospective study recruited all eligible women from participants
in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). The Cox proportional-hazards model (unadjusted
and adjusted) was used to assess associations of ANM with chronic diseases, including
diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome (MetS),
cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and thyroid disorders,
which were not included simultaneously in the model because there were correlations
between chronic diseases.
Results
A total of 4662 women, aged 15–50 years, who had not reached menopause at initiation
of the TLGS were included. Of these women, 1220 (26.2%) experienced menopause during
the study follow-up. In the multivariable Cox regression model adjusted for potential
confounders, women with DM [HR:1.75; 95%CI: (1.32, 2.32)], HTN [HR: 2.11; 95%CI: (1.64,
2.72)], MetS [HR: 2.01; 95%CI: (1.57, 2.58)], CVD [HR: 3.02; 95%CI: (1.93, 4.73)],
CKD [HR: 2.64; 95%CI: (2.16, 3.22)], and thyroid disorders [HR: 1.41; 95%CI: (1.06,
1.88)] reached menopause earlier, while dyslipidemia was not associated with ANM.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that women with a history of chronic diseases, such as metabolic
disorders, cardiovascular events, and CKD, experience menopause earlier than their
counterparts without such a history.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: November 20, 2021
Accepted:
November 1,
2021
Received in revised form:
September 13,
2021
Received:
November 25,
2020
Identification
Copyright
© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
