Highlights
- •Globally, 985 million women are aged 50 and over, leading to increasing concerns about chronic diseases with an adverse impact.
- •Optimization of diet is a key factor in the strategies to reduce the risk of chronic disease and to promote menopausal health.
- •Both all-cause and cause-specific mortality are reduced by MedDiet, with the major benefits seen with cardiovascular disease.
- •Short-term adherence to the Mediterranean diet may improve vasomotor symptoms.
Abstract
Introduction
Aim
Materials and methods
Summary recommendations
Keywords
1. Introduction
- Afshin A.
- Micha R.
- Webb M.
- et al.
- Willett W.
- Rockström J.
- Loken B.
- et al.
United Nations https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/[Accessed 17 June 2020].
- Marshall S.
- Rees M.
- Marshall S.
- Rees M.
Canada’s Dietary Guidelines https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/guidelines/what-are-canadas-dietary-guidelines/[Accessed 17 June 2020].
2. Composition of the Mediterranean diet
- Marshall S.
- Rees M.
3. The Mediterranean diet and menopausal symptoms
4. The Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease
- Woodward M.
4.1 Observational studies
Study | Country | Sample size | Percent female | Follow-up duration | Effect of MedDiet in total sample | Effect of MedDiet in women only |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Manhattan Study (Gardener et al., 2011) [ [35] ] | United States of America | 2,568. | 64 | 9 years | Inverse association:
| Not reported. |
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-NL (Hoevenaar-Blom et al., 2012) [ [36] ] | Netherlands | 34,708 | 75 | 10−15 years | Inverse association:
| Not reported. |
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk (Tong et al., 2016) [ [37] ] | United Kingdom | 23,902 | Not reported. | 12.2 years | Inverse association:
| Not reported. |
Swedish Mammography Cohort Study (Tektonidis et al., 2015) [ [38] ] | Sweden | 32,921 | 100 | 10.4 years | Not applicable. | Inverse association:
|
Västerbotten Intervention Program (VIP) population study (Tognon et al 2012) [ [39] ] | Sweden | 77,151 | 51 | 10 years | Inverse association:
| Inverse association:
|
Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort (Carlos S et al., 2018) [ [40] ] | Spain | 22,786 | 61 | Since 1999 | Inverse association:
| Not reported. |
Women’s Health Initiative (Hirahatake et al., 2019) [ [41] ]
Diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the women’s health initiative. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2019; 8e013249https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.013249 | United States of America | 5809 | 100 | 12.4 years | Not applicable. | Inverse association:
|
NutriNet-Santé cohort (Trébuchet et al., 2019) [ [42] ] | France | 94,113 | 79 | 5.4 years | Inverse association:
| Not reported. |
Greek European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (EPIC) (Dilis et al 2012; Misirli et al 2012) [ [27] ,[28] ] | Greece | 23,929 | 58 | 15.8 years | Inverse association:
| Inverse association:
|
Seven Countries Study (Menotti et al 2012) [ [43] ] | Italy | 1139 | 0 | 5 years | Inverse association:
| Not applicable. |
MONItoring trends and determinants of Cardiovascular disease (MONICA) population study Tognon et al 2013 [ [44] ] | Denmark | 1849 | 51 | 11 years | Inverse association:
| Not reported. |
- Woodward M.
4.2 Randomized controlled trials
- Rees K.
- Takeda A.
- Martin N.
- et al.
Canada’s Dietary Guidelines https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/guidelines/what-are-canadas-dietary-guidelines/[Accessed 17 June 2020].
5. The Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular risk factors
5.1 Blood pressure
5.2 Lipids
- Rees K.
- Takeda A.
- Martin N.
- et al.
5.3 Central obesity and fat distribution
5.4 Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Alberti K.G.
- Eckel R.H.
- Grundy S.M.
- et al.
- Esposito K.
- Maiorino M.I.
- Bellastella G.
- Chiodini P.
- Panagiotakos D.
- Giugliano D.
6. The Mediterranean diet and osteoporosis
- Rizzoli R.
- Stevenson J.C.
- Bauer J.M.
- et al.
7. The Mediterranean diet and cognitive and mental health
7.1 Cognition
7.2 Mood and depression
8. The Mediterranean diet and breast cancer
9. The Mediterranean diet and all-cause mortality
10. Summary
- •reduce cardiovascular risk, and the incidence of cardiovascular events and death
- •maintain bone mineral density whilst leading to more favorable body composition
- •improve bone mineral density in women with osteoporosis
- •help to prevent cognitive decline
- •reduce the risk of breast cancer
- •reduce the risk of all-cause mortality.
- •improve vasomotor symptoms
- •improve cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood glucose levels
- •improve mood and symptoms of depression.
Contributors
Conflict of interest
Funding
Provenance and peer review
Acknowledgements
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