Highlights
- •The healthcare disparities for the transgender have become more apparent.
- •Barriers to healthcare are lack of access, education and the sensibilities of particular physicians.
- •Gender affirmation therapies have an unknown impact on cancer risk and screening.
- •We present gynecologic and breast cancer screening guidelines for the female-to-male population.
Abstract
As the transgender community gains visibility and recognition, healthcare disparities
have become more apparent. Reports estimate that 1–1.5 million people belong to this
community in the United States. Despite efforts to become more inclusive, access to
healthcare is challenging in a system built on a binary model that exacerbates gender
dysphoria and on healthcare insurance schemes that do not cover gender affirmation
therapy. Another large challenge is the paucity of scientific and medical knowledge
when it comes to caring for the transgender community. More research to build knowledge
is necessary to provide evidence-based quality care. In an attempt to bring guidance
for gynecologic and breast cancer screening for the transgender male population, we
conducted a review of the literature published in PubMed. Here, we present a review
of the challenges, as well as guidelines for breast, uterus, and cervix screening
for the transgender male population.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: August 20, 2019
Accepted:
August 19,
2019
Received in revised form:
July 25,
2019
Received:
June 8,
2019
Identification
Copyright
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
