Highlights
- •The measurement of neuropsychiatric symptoms is the most frequently used indicator in studies of music and dementia.
- •Other domains which are targeted include quality of life, cognitive function, musical responses and physiological changes.
- •The dominant focus on neuropsychiatric symptoms may be linked to a medicalized perspective on dementia.
- •It is important to listen to the perspectives of people with dementia and their carers when designing research.
Abstract
This review considers how research into the impact of music on people with dementia
has been conducted, with a focus on the means used to measure outcomes. Although there
is a rapidly growing amount of research in this relatively new area, it has evolved
largely independently within different fields, such as psychology, music therapy and
nursing. Using principles from the meta-narrative review method, this paper systematically
surveys the qualitative and quantitative measures which have been used in studies
relating to music and dementia from 1980 to the present day. Data extracted include
the outcome measures used, the type of musical interventions, the setting of the studies,
and methodology and study design. The quantitative studies greatly outnumber the qualitative
studies, and most research has been done in long-term care settings. Instruments which
measure neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, especially agitation, were the most
frequently used. Other domains that were targeted in the studies included quality
of life, physiological change, music-related outcomes and cognitive skills; the inter-relations
between these domains are represented as a diagram. Researchers’ rationales for choosing
to target these outcomes are discussed. Although reduction of neuropsychiatric symptoms
is a valuable outcome, it is important that researchers are open to the possibility
of other outcomes. We suggest that measuring an increase in positive responses might
be an alternative to measuring a reduction of negative symptoms, and we highlight
the importance of listening to people with dementia and carers when designing studies.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: June 04, 2019
Accepted:
June 3,
2019
Received in revised form:
May 17,
2019
Received:
February 26,
2019
Identification
Copyright
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
