Highlights
- •Smoking is associated with increased follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and unrelated to anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH).
- •This observation suggests that current smoking either impairs the development of antral follicles or dysregulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis.
- •The absence of an association with anti-Müllerian hormone argues against mechanisms related to accelerated follicle atresia.
Abstract
Objective
To examine whether or not cigarette smoking, alcohol and caffeine intake are related
to two indicators of ovarian age–anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH).
Study design
Cross-sectional study of 477 women with a recent index spontaneous abortion (SA) (105
trisomic, 93 non-trisomic) or livebirth (LB) (279) with hormones measured on days
2–4 of an apparently normal menstrual cycle after the index pregnancy.
Results
Current smoking is associated with about a 15% increase in median FSH (β for ln(FSH) = 0.14, 95% CI 0.03,0.25). It is not significantly related to AMH (β for ln(AMH) = −0.25, 95% CI −0.56,0.06). Neither alcohol 2–7 days per week nor caffeine 122–<553 mg per day is independently related to AMH or FSH.
Conclusions
The observation that current smoking is associated with FSH, but not with AMH, suggests
that current smoking either impairs the development of antral follicles or dysregulates
the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. The absence of an association with AMH argues
against mechanisms related to accelerated follicle atresia.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 21, 2016
Accepted:
July 14,
2016
Received in revised form:
July 11,
2016
Received:
May 20,
2016
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
