Highlights
- •The paper showed that age, bodyweight, adiposity, and exercise were associated differently with BMD and prevalence of osteoporosis of the spine and femoral neck.
- •Both estrogen alone and estrogen/progestogen combination HRT are beneficial to bone health, and it appears that both types of HRT are able to improve the BMD to levels of women a decade younger.
- •The BMD of Singaporean Chinese women appears to be equivalent to Americans and better than in some Asian populations.
Abstract
Objective
The study evaluated relationships between menopausal statuses, hormone replacement
therapy (HRT), body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (PBF), and exercise with osteoporosis
and bone mineral density (BMD) in Singaporean women.
Study design
This is a cross-sectional study.
Main outcome measures
The spine BMD, and femoral neck BMD as well as the prevalence of osteoporosis are
the main outcome measures studied.
Results
Age, BMI, PBF and exercise intensity were independently associated with spine and
femoral neck BMD. Women with higher BMI and lower PBF had higher BMD and lower prevalence
of osteoporosis. Postmenopausal women without HRT had lower BMD and higher prevalence
of osteoporosis while those on HRT had similar BMD and prevalence of osteoporosis
as premenopausal women.
Conclusion
This study shows that BMI and PBF are powerful predictors of BMD. Osteoporosis is
site-specific in the Singapore population, being higher in the femoral neck than in
the lumbar spine. The bone status after menopause may not be worse than that dictated
by age alone and both ERT and E/PRT could sustain the BMD to levels corresponding
to those of women a decade younger. A strategy to improve bone health should include
dieting and physical exercise program that focuses on selectively reducing fat mass
and increasing lean mass.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: April 07, 2016
Accepted:
April 6,
2016
Received in revised form:
April 4,
2016
Received:
January 12,
2016
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
