Highlights
- •We analyzed risk, severity, and frequency of hot flashes in peri-menopausal women.
- •A history of ever smoking increased risk, severity, and frequency of hot flashes.
- •Quitting smoking decreased risk, severity, and frequency of hot flashes.
- •Quitting smoking was only effective in decreasing hot flashes after 5 years.
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased
risk of midlife hot flashes; however, the effect of quitting smoking on this risk
is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of quitting smoking
on hot flashes using data from 761 women aged 45 to 54 years of age at baseline followed
for 1 to 7 years. Results showed that women who quit smoking were less likely to suffer
from hot flashes, less likely to have severe hot flashes, and less likely to have
frequent hot flashes than women who continued to smoke (OR = 0.55, 0.80, 0.76), but were more likely to suffer from any hot flashes, more severe
hot flashes, and more frequent hot flashes than women who never smoked (OR = 2.55, 1.68, 1.46). Subset analysis of the 353 women who had ever smoked found that
women who had quit smoking for longer than 5 years had significantly lower odds, severity,
and frequency of hot flashes than women who had continued smoking (OR = 0.36, 0.62, 0.63) or women who had quit in the previous 5 years (OR = 0.66, 0.77, 0.69). These findings suggest that that early smoking cessation programs
may improve women's well-being during the menopausal transition.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to MaturitasAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- United States Census.2000
- An investigation into the psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with breast cancer.Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 2005; 12: 1-12https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-3-Received
- Perceived change in quality of life during the menopause.Soc. Sci. Med. 2006; 62: 93-102https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.015
- Physical activity, symptoms, esteem, and life satisfaction during menopause.Maturitas. 2005; 52: 374-385https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.07.014
- Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: Study of women's health across the nation.Am. J. Public Health. 2006; 96: 1226-1235https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066936
- Change in body mass index, weight, and hot flashes: a longitudinal analysis from the midlife women's health study.J. Womens Health (Larchmt). 2014; 23: 231-237https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4526
- Menopause-related symptoms: what are the background factors? A prospective population-based cohort study of Swedish women (the Women's Health in Lund Area study).Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2003; 189: 1646-1653https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(03)00872-X
- Psychosocial, behavioral, and health factors related to menopause symptomatology.Womens Health. 1997; 3: 103-120
- Menopausal symptoms in Australian women.Med. J. Aust. 1993; 159: 232-236
- Smoking, body mass, and hot flashes in midlife women.Obstet. Gynecol. 2003; 101: 264-272https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02593-0
- Cigarette smoking, estrogen levels, and hot flashes in midlife women.Maturitas. 2006; 53: 133-143https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.03.007
- Predictors of menopausal hot flashes.J. Womens Health. 1998; 7: 1149-1159
- Smoking and estrogen-related disease.Am. J. Epidemiol. 1984; 119: 9-22
- Cigarette smoking and levels of adrenal androgens in postmenopausal women.N. Engl. J. Med. 1988; 318: 1705-1709
- Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders.Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2005; 152: 491-499https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.01867
- An update on the antiestrogenic effect of smoking: a literature review with implications for researchers and practitioners.Menopause. 2004; 11: 104-109https://doi.org/10.1097/01.GME.0000079740.18541.DB
- Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking.N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 1305-1309
- Lifestyle alterations for the amelioration of hot flashes.Maturitas. 2012; 71: 217-220https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.006
- Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Eigen and S4.2014
- GEE Solver for Correlated Nominal or Ordinal Multinomial Responses.2014
- Revolution R Enterprise.2011
- Smoking cessation is followed by increases in serum bilirubin, an endogenous antioxidant associated with lower risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.Nicotine Tob. Res. 2014; 16: 1145-1149
- Thermoregulatory physiology of menopausal hot flashes: a review.Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1987; 65: 1312-1324https://doi.org/10.1139/y87-208
- Physiology of hot flashes.Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2001; 13: 453-464https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1077
- Smoking related diseases: the central role of monoamine oxidase.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2011; 8: 136-147https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8010136
- Smoking induces long-lasting effects through a monoamine-oxidase epigenetic regulation.PLoS ONE. 2009; 4https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007959
Article info
Publication history
Published online: June 22, 2015
Accepted:
June 11,
2015
Received in revised form:
June 9,
2015
Received:
April 7,
2015
Identification
Copyright
© 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.