Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this review is to focus on the importance of metabolic syndrome (MBS)
and its increased prevalence in postmenopausal (PM) women. Also the role of hormonal
therapy in PM women with MBS will be discussed.
Methods
Review of the relevant literature and results from recent clinical trials.
Results
MBS may occur in 40% of PM women and is largely determined by overweight status and
obesity. Weight gain, particularly an increase in central fat mass increases in PM
women, beginning a few years prior to menopause. Hormonal Therapy (HT) in normal PM
women, generally decreases abdominal fat, but the effect of transdermal estrogen is
preferable to oral therapy in this regard. In women with MBS, oral therapy was found
to increase leptin and the leptin/adiponectin ratio, while transdermal therapy showed
no changes. HT has been found to improve insulin resistance in PM women, although
the data are mixed. In women with MBS, oral therapy was found to worsen parameters
of insulin resistance, while transdermal therapy had minimal effects overall. Women
with MBS have elevations in several inflammation and coagulation factors. Both oral
and transdermal HT reduce inflammation markers except for levels of CRP and MMP-9,
which increase with oral therapy, but are unaffected by the transdermal route. Oral
estrogen has a small pro-coagulant effect, not observed with transdermal therapy,
in both normal PM women and those with MBS. The beneficial effects of HT on lipids
occur in PM women with and without MBS, although the changes in the latter are minimal.
Blood pressure was not affected by HT in women with MBS.
Conclusions
Weight gain and obesity largely drives the increased prevalence of MBS in PM women.
Use of HT is beneficial overall for reducing many of the parameters of MBS. Our own
data would suggest that in MBS, transdermal therapy may be preferable to oral therapy,
at least in standard doses.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: April 14, 2008
Accepted:
February 6,
2008
Received in revised form:
January 22,
2008
Received:
November 9,
2007
Identification
Copyright
© 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
