Optimizing bone health in chronic kidney disease

Abstract 

Phosphocalcic metabolism disorders often complicate chronic kidney disease (CKD) and worsen as kidney function declines, with a consequence on bone structural integrity. The risk of fracture exceeds that of the normal population in both patients with pre-dialysis CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The increasing incidence of CKD, the high mortality rate induced by hip fracture, the decreased quality of life and economic burden of fragility fracture make the renal bone disorders a major problem of public health around the world. Optimizing bone health in CKD patients should be a priority. Bone biopsy is invasive. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, commonly used to screen individuals at risk of fragility fracture in the general population, is not adequate to assess advanced CKD because it does not discriminate fracture status in this population. New non-invasive three-dimensional high-resolution imaging techniques, distinguishing trabecular and cortical bone, appear to be promising in the assessment of bone strength and might improve bone fracture prediction in this population. Therapeutic intervention in the chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) should begin early in the course of CKD to maintain serum concentration of biological parameters involved in mineral metabolism in the normal recommended ranges, prevent the development of parathyroid hyperplasia, prevent extra-skeletal calcifications and preserve skeletal health.

In this paper, we review studies of mineral and bone disorders in patients with CKD and ESRD, the utility of current techniques to assess bone health and the preventive and therapeutic strategies for managing CKD-MBD.

Abbreviations: aBMD, areal bone mineral density, b-ALP, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, CKD, chronic kidney disease, CKD-MBD, chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders, CT, computed tomography, DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, ESRD, end-stage renal disease, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, GFR, glomerular filtration rate, HR-MRI, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, HR-pQCT, high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone, KDIGO, kidney disease improving global outcomes, MRI, magnetic resonance imaging, PTH, parathyroid hormone, pQCT, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, QCT, quantitative computed tomography, ROD, renal osteodystrophy, SHPT, secondary hyperparathyroidism, vBMD, volumetric bone mineral density, WHO, World Health Organization

Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Osteoporosis, Fracture, Bone, Renal failure